Quality of Work Life Essay Example for Free

Quality of Work Life Essay Employees at any level many time experience a sense of frustration because low level of wages, poor working conditions, unfavourable terms of employment, inhuman treatement by their superiors the like whereas managerial personnel feel frustrated because of alienation over their condition of employment , interpersonal conflicts, role conflicts, Job pressure , lack of freedom , absence of challenging work, etc. QWL means different things to different people, J. Richard J. Loy define QWL as the degree to which members of a work organization are able to satisfy mportant personnel needs through their experience in the organization. In the search for improved productivity, manager executives alike are discovering the important contribution of QWL. Hackman suttle describe QWL from varied viewpoints. From a professional view point , it refers to industrial democracy, increase workewrs participation in corporate decision making , or culmination of the goals of human realations. In terms of management perspective, it relates to a variety of efforts to improve productivity through improvements in the human , rather than he capital or technological inputs of production. From standpoint of the characteristics of individual workers , it refers to the degree to which members of a work organization are able to satisfy important personal needs through their experience in the organization. From the unions, perspective , it is a more equitable sharing of the income and resources of the work of organization, and more human healthier working conditions. DIMENSIONS OF STUDY : Quality of work life improvement are defined as any activity which takes place at very level of organization which seeks greater organizational effectiveness through enhancement of human dignity and growth a process through which the stockholders in the organization management, union and employees- learn how to work together to better to determine for themselves what actions, changes improvements are desirable and workable in order to achive twin simultaneous goals of an improve quality of life at work for all members of organization greater effectiveness for the company and unions. Trade union claim that they are responsible for the improvements in various facilities to workers hereas management takes credit for improved salaries, benefits facilities. However, HR manager has identified specific issues in QWL. Klott Mundick Schuster suggested major QWL issues. They are: (1) Pay Employment on permanent basis: Good pay still dominates most of the other factors in employee satisfaction. Various alternative means for providing wages should be developed in view of increase in cost of living index , increase in levels rates of income tax profession tax. QWL must be build around an equitable pay programs . in uture more workers may want to participate in the profits of the firm. Employment of workers on casual, temporary, probationary basis gives them sense of insecurity. On the other hand , employment on the other basis gives them security leads to higher order QWL. (2) Occupational Stress : Stress is a condition of strain on ones emotions, thought process ; physical condition . stress is determined by the workers abilities nature and match with the Job requirements. Stress is cause due irritability, offering prestigious designation to the Jobs, providing well furnish amp; decent work places, offering membership in clubs or association , providing vehicles, offering vacation trips, or means to recognize the employees hyper- excitation or depression unstable behaviour, fatigue, stuttering, trembling psychometric pains, heavy smoking drug abuse. Stress adversely effects on employees productivity. The HR manager, in order to minimize the stress has to identifiy, prevent ; tackle the problem. He may arrange the treatment of problem with the health unit or provide some stress buster activities during the hectic work schedule. 3) Organizational Health programs : Organizational health programs aim at educating employees about health problems means of maintaining ; improving health etc. These programme covers drinking and smoking cessation ( if it is affecting the productivity of employee ) , hypertension control , other forms of cardiovascular risk reduction, family planning etc. Effective implementation of these progrme results in reduction in absenteeism, hospitalization ,disability, excessive Job turnover ; premature death. It should also covers relaxation, physical exercise , diet control etc. 4) Alternative work schedule : Alternative work schedule including work at home , flexible working hours, staggered hours , and reduced work week, part time employment which may be introduced for the convenience ; comfort of the workers as the work schedule which offers the individual the leisure time , flexible hours of work is preferred. 5) Participative Management ; control of work : Trade unions and workers participation in management and decision making improves QWL . workers also feel that they have control their work, use their skills ; make a real contribution to the Job if they re allowed to participate in creative and decision making process. (6) Recognition : recognizing the employee as a human being rather than as a labourer increases the QWL . Participative management , awarding the rewarding systems , congratulating the employees for their achievement , Job enrichment, offering prestigious designation to the Jobs, providing well furnish and decent work places,offering membership in club or associations , providing vehicles , offering vacation trips, or some means to recognize the employees . (7) Congenial Worker- supervisor Relation : Harmonious supervisor- worker relations give the worker essence of social association , belongingness, achievement of worker results etc. This in turn led to better QWL. 8) Grievance procedure : workers have a sence of fair treatement when the company gives them opportunity to ventilate their grievances and represent their case succinctly rather than settling the problems arbitrarily. (9) Adequacy of resources : Resources should match with stated objective ; otherwise , employee will not be able to attain them . This results in the employee dissatisfaction and lower QWL. 10) Seniority ; meri t in promotions : seniority is generally taken as the basis of promotion in case of operating employees . Merit is considered as the basis for advancement for managerial people whereas seniority cum- merit is preferred for promotion of ministerial employees. The promotional policies ; activities should be fair 7 Just in order to ensure higher QWL. (11) Welfare Benefits : Since workers are now better organized , educated ; vociferous, they demand social security ; welfare benefits as a matter of right which were once considered a part of bargaining process.

Between the Self and the Community: The Lost Identity in Morrisons Sul

Aristotle once said, "I count him braver who overcomes his desires †¦ for the hardest victory is over self." Unfortunately, most people don't understand the sheer meaning of Aristotle's quote because they live as servants of their community where one's identity losses its shape. Such end is the inevitable result of living under the constraints of binaries. Toni Morrison's Sula is packed with numerous binaries that define the nature and acts of the novel's characters such as the Self/Community binary. The identities of Sula, Nel and Eva are sketched out by the diverse choices they make in relation to this binary: controlling the privileged side, being controlled by the unprivileged side or sticking in between. To begin with, Sula enjoys the superiority of her pivotal self. Galehouse in her article, "New World Women" states that "despite any real or perceived limitations imposed by her family, her community, or the era in which she is depicted, Sula does not put any limits upon herself"(341). Her disinterest in what the Bottom community glorifies forms her narcissistic identity and creates her "I want to make myself" motto (Morrison 121). For Sula, all the worn-out traditions promoted by her community worth nothing more than her own "dirt" for at least the latter is her own production. Sula`s identity as a new world woman is highlighted by her "daring, disruptive, imaginative,†¦ out-of-the-house, uncontained and uncontainable" personality, as Morrison puts it (qut in. Galehouse 339). Moreover, throughout the novel, Sula`s self controls every aspect of her social and intellectual life resulting in full appreciation of her angelic, as well as, demonic actions. On the one hand, w hen cutting her finger in an attempt to... ...ng? Finally, I idealize Eva, but does she idealize her own self? Questions remain unanswered just as the Self/Community binary remains unchanged even in our legendary 21st century. (1,187) Works Cited Bergenholtz, Rita. "Toni Morrison's Sula: A satire on Binary Thinking." African American Review 30.1 (1996): 89-99. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 March 2012. Galehouse, Maggie. "New World Woman: Toni Morrison's Sula." Papers on Language and Literature 35.4 (1999): 339-355. Jstore. Web. 21 March 2012. Morrison, Toni. Sula. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. Print. Pessoni, Michele. "She was laughing at their God: Discovering the goddess within Sula." African American Review 29.3 (1995): 439-442. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 March 2012.

Parkinson Disease

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement. The most well-known sign of Parkinson disease is the tremor in just one hand. Family can notice that you have Parkinson disease when there’s little expression in your face and you don’t swing your arms when you walk. Speech often becomes soft and mumbling. Parkinson disease symptoms tend to worsen as the disease progresses. There are many different medicines that treat this disease, but sometimes doctor may tell you to apply surgery. The symptoms may vary from person to person. Symptoms usually begin on one side of the body and remain worse in that side of the body. Some of the symptoms are: Tremor: the shaking usually starts on the hand.Slowed motion: Parkinson’s disease may reduce your ability to start initiate voluntary movement. For example, when you walk your step might become short. Rigid muscles: Stiffness can occur in any part of your body and sometimes it ca n be really bad that it can affect the range of movement you have in that part of your body. Impaired posture and balance: posture may become stooped, and balance problems can occur.Loss of automatic movement: Blinking, smiling and swinging of the arms are all involuntary acts that are a normal part of the human being. With the Parkinson disease these act are reduce and sometimes even lost. Speech changes: people with Parkinson disease may speak softly, rapidly or in a monotone. Sometimes repeating words, or hesitating before answering. Dementia: when the disease has progress a while people tend to deal with memory and mental clarity problems. Your physical, mental, and social state are affected by this disease. Your physical state is affected because this disease deteriorates your physical state little by little. Your mental state is affected because your brain is not functioning as it supposed to be, and socially it affects you because you are incapable of doing many activities th at you would be able to do if you didn’t have the disease.You need to see the doctor if you suffer any of these symptoms above. Internally the disease affects your body and the ability to do stuff. Externally it affects you and your relationship with your environment and everyone else around you.Causes of this disease may be: The exact cause of Parkinson disease is unknown, but there are many factors that play in the role†¦ Your genes: it is said that either inherited or caused by an environmental exposure these genes change might be responsible for Parkinson’s disease. Environmental triggers: exposure to certain toxins or viruses may trigger some of the symptoms and signs of the Parkinson’s disease. The position of your brain is critical because with this disease you are losing many of your main chemical messengers that help you do many of your automatic activities. Little by little you will lose some of the involuntary action you usually do.Several change s in the brain of individuals with Parkinson disease are noticeable, these changes include: A lack of dopamine: many symptoms of the Parkinson’s disease result from the lack of a chemical messenger called dopamine. This result when some cells of the brain that produce this chemical die or become reduced. The reason of these happening is unknown. Low norepinephrine levels: chemical messenger that controls automatic functions. For example, blood pressure. The presence of Lewy bodies.It spreads with time and it is usually worse in one side. I don’t think this disease will kill you, but it will disable you from many activities that a normal person can do. The disease affects most of your involuntary activities and the medicines use for it can also have side effects.Risk factors: age(older people has more risk), heredity, sex (male are more likely to suffer from it), and exposure to toxins. The disease gets worse as time pass by. In the past you will suffer some symptoms, b ut as present and future come the disease will affect you more and more. Parkinson disease is often accompanied by additional problems like: depression, sleep problems, difficulty chewing and swallowing, urinary problems, constipation, sexual dysfunction. What can you do when preparing for an appointment?Write down any of the symptoms you are feeling, write down key personal information, make a list of all the medication you are taking, ask someone to come with you, and write down questions you may want to ask to your doctor. The doctor will test you, but there’s not really a test for Parkinson’s disease. It is based on your medical history and a neurological exam. The doctor will make a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease if you: at least have two of the three Parkinson’s symptoms-tremor, slowing of motion and muscle rigidity, if these symptoms are mainly in one side of the body, if the tremor is more severe at rest, and if you improve significantly with th e Parkinson’s medication levodopa. Levodopa is a natural medicine that when it is taken in a form of a pill; it will go through the brain and transform to dopamine. It becomes less effective as disease progresses and it has some side effects.

Evaluate The Claim That The Nuclear Family Is Still The Norm In Modern Society Essay

Evaluate The Claim That The Nuclear Family Is Still The Norm In Modern Society. A nuclear family consists of married parents and their children. Changes in the rates of divorce and marriage contradict the idea that the nuclear family is still the norm. Changes in attitudes also mean that the nuclear family may not represent the majority of families. Over the last 100 years, the trend in divorce has risen. For example, there were 3,000 divorces between 1921 and 1923 and in 1923, the grounds of divorce were equalised for men and women. In 1949, legal aid was given to divorcees, making divorce cheaper, this could’ve lead to the 27,000 divorces in 1961. Also, in 1971, The Divorce Law Reform Act came into effect. Further changes following this would be; the 1984 change of the minimum period of marriage from three years to one year before divorce was allowed, in 2004 homosexual couples in a civil partnership were given the same rights as heterosexual couples concerning divorce and in 2007 the number of divorces rose to 170,000. After divorce, several types of family can be formed e.g. a lone parent family, a cohabiting couple or a reconstituted family. This suggests that the nuclear family is no longer the norm as divorce has caused greater family diversity. There is also less of a reason to get married. This is because of stigma, secularisation, rising expectations of marriage and the changing position of women.Declining stigma and secularisation lead to a decline in the number of marriages, this is because it is no longer considered a sin to be in an unmarried sexual relationship. Rising expectations of marriage also lead to a decline in marriages, this is because there is less motivation to get married especially as gender roles are changing. The changing position of women means that they can work and live independently from men, so it is not necessary for them to marry. The decline in marriage means that nuclear families are no longer the norm as people now prefer to cohabit or live alone for example. Functionalists believe that the nuclear family is the ‘functional fit’ therefore the norm in society. They believe this because a family needs to be socially and geographically mobile so that they can physically move to employment and also metaphorically move up in a hierarchy, to get to a better job. They believe that other family types e.g. lone parent families are abnormal as they don’t serve their function in society. Due to this, they blame disorder and crime on families such as these, claiming that they can not properly socialise children into the idea that marriage and the nuclear family is normal. Marxists do assume that the nuclear family is the norm in society. This is because they see the family as benefiting capitalism. The family does this as they are a unit of consumption, they are stigmatised if they don’t have the latest consumer goods, so they buy these from the capitalists and, to earn the money for these goods, they work for the capitalists. If the family was not nuclear, then capitalists would not benefit, so all possible efforts are made to stigmatize other family types meaning that the nuclear family is the norm.

Osmosis Definition in Chemistry and Biology

Osmosis Definition in Chemistry and Biology Two important mass transport processes in chemistry and biology are diffusion and osmosis. Osmosis Definition Osmosis is the process where solvent molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated solution (which becomes more dilute). In most cases, the solvent is water. However, the solvent may be another liquid or even a gas. Osmosis can be made to do work. History The phenomenon of osmosis was first documents in 1748 by Jean-Antoine Nollet. The term osmosis was coined by French physician  Renà © Joachim Henri Dutrochet, who derived it from the terms endosmose and exosmose. How Osmosis Works Osmosis acts to equalize concentration on both sides of a membrane. Since the solute particles are incapable of crossing the membrane, its the water (or other solvent) that needs to move. The closer the system gets to equilibrium, the more stable it becomes, so osmosis is thermodynamically favorable. Example of Osmosis A good example of osmosis is seen when red blood cells are placed into fresh water. The cell membrane of the red blood cells is a semipermeable membrane. The concentration of ions and other solute molecules is higher inside the cell than outside it, so water moves into the cell via osmosis. This causes the cells to swell. Since the concentration cannot reach equilibrium, the amount of water that can move into the cell is moderated by the pressure of the cell membrane acting on the contents of the cell. Often, the cell takes in more water than the membrane can sustain, causing the cell to burst. A related term is osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure is the external pressure that would need to be applied such that there would be no net movement of solvent across a membrane.

Italian Neo Realism and the Movie Rome Open City Review

Italian Neo Realism and the Rome Open City - Movie Review Example 45-87). This paper discusses Italian neo realism and its portrayal in the movie Rome Open City in a concise and comprehensive way using the sources mentioned in the list of Works Cited. Adair (pp. 45-87) discusses that the liberalization of the economy and the relaxation of political controls coincided with the Italian entry into the Second World War in June 1940 on the side of Germany. The situation in Italy, by 1940, was one of ideological and political uncertainties, and in part, for these reasons, of artistic possibilities. Armstrong (pp. 78-99) discusses that De Sica's I bambini ci guardano/The Children Are Watching Us (1942) and Visconti's Ossessione/Obsession (1943), variously regarded as the 'first' neo-realist films, and perhaps, the 'first' anti-fascist ones, were produced by private companies with State subsidies and State approval. And, Rossellini's 'Fascist' war trilogy, made as war propaganda between 1941-1943, was described by him as 'neo-realist', as much neo-realist as his antifascist Roma citta aperta/Rome Open City (1945). If the issue was ideology or economy, the Fascist Party or the interests of industry, it was the latter not the former that prevailed (Armstrong, pp. 78-99). By 1943, Fascism was no longer supported by Italian capitalism. On the contrary, it was pushed aside. Fascism had become a danger. It was no longer a protection against social disorder, but the cause of disorder, no longer an instrument for economic development, but a hindrance to development. The class that had helped brings Fascism into being, now acted to eliminate it. Mussolini was overthrown by a coup within the Fascist leadership encouraged by conditions created by the Allied military advance, and not by the 'people' (Armstrong, pp. 78-99). He was replaced by an officer in the Fascist High Command, Marshal Badoglio. The dates of Italian neo-realist cinema roughly correspond to the fall of Fascism in 1943 up until the consolidation of the first postwar Italian government under the Christian Democrats (Dc) around 1951 [the Dc came to power in 1948]. But the features of Italian neo-realism are not at all clear (Armstrong, pp. 78-99). Neo-realism was a tendency more than it was a definite aesthetic. Some films were more neo-realist than others. None were ever purely neo-realist. Neo-realism was an ideal toward which certain films approached in varying degrees of closeness. What is most important is to indicate the conditions that made neorealist cinema possible, then impossible, rather than to attempt to define it. The dominant cinema in Italy in the 1930s--the cinema associated with Fascism--was a commercial genre cinema. Most films screened in Italy came from America, nearly 80 per cent; most Italian films were modeled on American ones. It was logical that Italian films took American ones as their model. The Italian industry, with help from the Fascist State, sought to reconstruct itself and prosper (Munsterberg, pp. 673-76).

Marketing Consultancy, this is a group work not full paper work see Essay

Marketing Consultancy, this is a group work not full paper work see details bellow - Essay Example Basically, the rationale behind the need to build ties with the local schools, youth clubs, and sports clubs is to make it easier on the part of the Dunamaise Arts Centre to locate and encourage the parents of children between 5 to 15 years old to take advantage of the art work exhibits, educational shows, workshops, and classes that are purposely designed to enhance the artistic side of each child (Marconi, 2005, p32). 7. Offer courses or workshops related to arts and crafts such as puppetry, holiday card making, drawing, sketching, paintings, and textile design making; book arts; animal sculpture making using playdough; film making and animation; digital photography; music like singing songs and sounscapes; acting; storytelling; and dancing (Dibb, 1996, p6). This is a business terminology referring to the the process of classifying customer with common needs. This classification or aggregation is made to customers with similar needs in relation to the marketing action (Wong, 1993, p22). To make it easier for Dunamaise Arts Centre to identify its target market, it is important to divide its target customers into subgroups. By conducting market segmentation, Dunamaise will be able to learn more about its target customers’ demographic, psychographic, and geographic profile (Kotler, 2000, pp. 263 – 266). To locate the target market, it is necessary to contact the managers of Leighlinbridge Gaelic Foodball Club, Co Carlow Football Club, Castledermot GAA Club, Athy GFC, Castlemtchell GFC, Kildangan GAA, Redhills Airsoft, Cill Dara Rugby Club, and Naas Hockey Club among others. KOHL, S. (2000). Getting attention leading-edge lessons for publicity and marketing. Boston, Mass, Butterworth Heinemann. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=34020. Mcdonald, M. (2008). Malcolm McDonald on marketing planning